When people think of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), their first thought might be football collisions or car crashes. But TBIs are also prevalent among survivors of domestic abuse or intimate partner violence, although most never receive a proper diagnosis or treatment.
TW: This article contains descriptive information about physical violence. Please engage in self-care as you read this article.
When people think of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), their first thought might be football collisions or car crashes. But TBIs are also prevalent among survivors of domestic abuse or intimate partner violence, although most never receive a proper diagnosis or treatment.
In abusive relationships, TBIs can result from blows or jolts to the head or from strangulation that cuts off oxygen to the brain. These forms of violence are alarmingly common — research shows that up to 94% of injuries women sustain from intimate partner violence (IPV) involve the neck or head. Studies also estimate that 60% to 92% of women subjected to intimate partner violence have experienced at least one TBI caused directly by abuse.
A Hidden Epidemic
TBIs resulting from intimate partner violence can be difficult to recognize, as symptoms can have a delayed onset. Many survivors also avoid seeking emergency medical care due to stigma or out of fear of their abuser, and even when they do, they may not disclose head trauma for the same reasons.
At the same time, many healthcare providers are not aware of how common IPV-related TBIs are. Survivors are rarely screened for head injuries in emergency settings, which means providers must piece together what happened without clear information. The result is a dangerous gap in care.
The repercussions are serious. Because TBI symptoms overlap with PTSD and other conditions, IPV-related brain injuries are often misdiagnosed, leaving survivors without the support they need to recover.
Common symptoms of TBI include headaches, dizziness, confusion, memory problems, mood changes, and sensitivity to light or sound. These effects can last for months or even years, profoundly shaping every aspect of a survivor’s daily life. And without intervention, these symptoms can escalate.
The long-term consequences are also significant. TBIs can contribute to mood disorders, chronic pain, and sensory, motor, and cognitive impairments, which in turn make it harder to sustain employment or maintain healthy relationships. When these challenges go unaddressed, the risk of substance use can increase.
Without a proper diagnosis for TBI, survivors may lose access to the medical care, accommodations, and legal protections that could support their recovery. Their symptoms can also be misunderstood as noncompliance or unreliability rather than recognized as the result of a serious injury.
This is where policy change becomes essential.
What Intro 29 Does — and Why It Matters
Just a few weeks ago, New York City moved to confront the hidden crisis of domestic and intimate violence-related TBI with the passage of Intro 29 – legislation that requires all NYPD and FDNY first responders to receive training to identify and respond appropriately to TBI symptoms during domestic violence calls. This will help ensure that head trauma is not misinterpreted as resistance and that survivors are met with safety, understanding, and care.
Intro 29 also directs the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene and the Mayor’s Office to End Domestic and Gender-Based Violence to lead a citywide awareness campaign so that survivors, families, and communities recognize that IPV can cause brain injury and know where to get help. This marks real progress toward closing the gap between what survivors endure and what systems are prepared to address.
“Survivors of gender violence suffer so many harms that are not readily visible … We must bring TBI out of the shadows and into the light.”
— Sanctuary CEO Judy Kluger
Sanctuary’s Commitment
Sanctuary for Families strongly advocated for the passage of Intro 29 and believes in the promise it holds for survivors across New York City. As this new legislation rolls out, we stand firm in our commitment to:
- Provide training and technical assistance to partners on practical TBI screening and referrals;
- Offer trauma-informed counseling, legal advocacy, and connections to medical care;
- Elevate survivor-centered practices so recognition leads to real, sustained support.
This work requires partnership from across our city.
We will keep pushing for strong implementation and a citywide response that truly centers survivor safety. Join us in raising awareness about IPV-related traumatic brain injury and consider making a gift to support our work with survivors.
GET HELP DONATE
If you or someone you know is experiencing domestic violence, know that there are resources available. The National Domestic Violence Hotline provides confidential support and information 24/7 at 1-800-799-SAFE (7233).
If you live in New York City, please get in touch with Sanctuary for Families to get help.